![]() Electrons always move towards more electronegative atoms or towards positive charges.Curved arrows always represent the movement of electrons, not atoms.The CURVED ARROW FORMALISM is a convention used to represent the movement of electrons in molecules and reactions according to certain rules. The dynamic nature of \(\pi\) electrons can be further illustrated with the use of arrows, as indicated below for the polar C=O bond: ![]() Using simple Lewis formulas, or even line-angle formulas, we can also draw some representations of the two cases above, as follows. The drawing on the right tries to illustrate that concept. Both atoms still share electrons, but the electrons spend more time around oxygen. The \(\pi\) cloud is distorted in a way that results in higher electron density around oxygen compared to carbon. The C=O double bond, on the other hand, is polar due to the higher electronegativity of oxygen. Therefore the \(\pi\) electrons occupy a relatively symmetric molecular orbital that’s evenly distributed (shared) over the two carbon atoms. The C=C double bond on the left below is nonpolar. This can be illustrated by comparing two types of double bonds, one polar and one nonpolar. Now that we understand the difference between sigma and \(\pi\) electrons, we remember that the \(\pi\) bond is made up of loosely held electrons that form a diffuse cloud which can be easily distorted. Mobility Of \(\pi\) Electrons and Unshared Electron Pairs
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